فصلنامه پژوهش های تاریخی
سال دهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 38، تابستان 1397)

Due to the knowledge of geography and the spread of this science to Muslims, in the 4th and 5th centuries AH there were formed two geographic schools called Iraqi and Balkhi, and each of these two schools used the principles in the creation of their works. Ibn Rustah is among the geographers who belong by researchers at the Iraqi school. Ibn Rustah's significance is that he has a world-wide view of geography, and for this purpose he has tried to transform his work into a comprehensive encyclopedia. Hence, despite the similarities exist between the way in which the al-Nafīsseh book and the works of other geographers of the Iraqi school, there are many differences in comparison with these works. Based on the results, these differences are evident in human geography, economic geography, religious and sectarian geography, mathematical and astronomy geography, the pre-eminence of the description of Mecca and Medina on Baghdad, the description of areas, roads, rivers and seas.

Prisons are institutions that have existed in different forms from the past. In the pre-modern era, it was possible that any place of use would be a prison, and that is why wells, caves, houses, gardens and so on were used as prisons. But in the new era of Iranian history, with the removal of different uses, only certain buildings with a certain structure were used as a prison. The purpose of the forthcoming study is to examine the structure of pre-modern and modern prisons, relying on Tehran’s Anbar and Qasr prisons. What was the structure of Tehran's Anbar as a pre-modern prison and Qasr prison as a modern one? What are the similarities and differences between them? And on this basis, the main question of the current study is whether a prison like Qasr could be regarded as the continuation of Anbar. The results of this study indicate that the physical space in these two types of prisons proves a clear gap between Anbar’s Qajar-like structure and Qasr’s Pahlavi-like structure, in which, we get from the lack of rights to prisoner's rights, from simplicity to complexity, and from darkness to light.

Iranian Parliament passed the law regarding Nationalization of oil in March 15, 1951. This event had a great impact on domestic, regional, and international conditions of the oil-rich countries. Thus, in Iraq, parties and political groups and a number of parliamentary representatives called on Nuri al-Said government to propose a national oil industry law to be approved by the government. The British statesmen planed a new strategy regarding the oil privileges in order to confront the impact of Iran’s movement in Iraq. This research examines the question of how Iran’s nationalization movement had an impact in Iraq. The working hypothesis is that the nationalization of oil in Iran, and the weakening of the royal power and tension in Iran-West relations gave a strong motivation to the confrontation of the royal power and western colonialism

In the middle of the 18th century AH/ 12th century AH, following the series of wars in India by the navy of Britain, the position of France in India was shaken, and their organization was conquered by the British forces during the Paris Peace Treaty of 1763 AD/1177 AH. The results of the research indicate that, considering the strong position of the British East Indies in India and the suitability of the regional and global position of Britain, the British company, by creating new plans and using military and political tools, was striving to establish its position clearly in the Persian Gulf. The year 1763 AD/ 1177 AH can be considered a milestone and the beginning of the political approach to the presence of the IEC in the Gulf, in which there can be evidence of this: the shift of the commercial center of the British East Cameroon from Bandar Abbas to Bushehr and Basra (1763 AD / 1177 AD), the entrance of IEC to the battle with Kabah group (1765-1763 AD/ 1177- 1179 AH), the election of the representative of the East India Company as British Consulate in Basra (1763 AD / 1177 AH), and the contract of Saadoun-Price (1763 AD / 1177 AH). For historians and researchers, little attention has been paid to the issue of seven-year wars between France and England over the years (1756-1767 AD/ 1170-1177 AH), and its link with the history of Iran and the Persian Gulf. This research is organized using a library method and with reference to main sources, new studies and using scientific and analytical methods.

Archeological studies and studies in Iran, especially the identification and excavation of ancient sites related to pre-Islamic Iran, have been the main issue in the studies of Orientalist and Iranian studies of Europe over the past few centuries. In addition, archaeological and exploratory explorations of Europeans interested in exploring the civilizations of Iran, and in general the Middle East region, included a collection of religious, political, scientific, treasure-finding, and nutritional approaches to major European museums, and for this reason, a wide range of antique vindicators, religious scholars, political agents, and scholars have been active in historical issues in the field of archeological excavations in Iran during the Qajar period. In the present article, using a library research methodology and a descriptive-analytical method, by studying the sources and reports of tourists, Orientalists, and European Iranianologists on ancient works and antique objects [described in the attached letter], as well as archaeological excavations in Iran, the main issue of the study, namely the identification and clarification of the approaches of European Orientalists in the study of archeology and antiquity in Iran during the Qajar period, has been studied. The findings of this study show that Orientalists and Iranianologists, while playing a major role in identifying Iranian artifacts and producing new identity cards for many of these works, provide material documentation for the compilation of Iran's history and change the views towards outstanding historical works of Iran Ancient times. But, by turning Iran's historical and artistic works into commercial goods and creating a market for Iranian antiquities, a large part of Iran's cultural and historical heritage exported illegally to Europe and the rest of the world.

Sultan Abad, Iraq, is the old name of the city of Arak, which was built in the period of Fathali Shah Qajar in (1231 AH) by his commander Yusuf Khan Gurji. The early philosophy of the city was the creation of a military center and the construction of a garrison for the security of the region, which over time, the field of trade and economic activity were growing. This research is based on a descriptive-analytical approach relying on various documents related to that period, following the examination of the economic and commercial conditions of this region from the constitutional to the end of the first period of the Pahlavi. The purpose of this research is to explain how exports and complaints from foreign merchants and foreign companies in Sultan Abad to the relevant ministries, the National Assembly and the factors affected the foreign trade of this province, such as carpets. The findings of this research show that the attention of the central government and foreign companies along with the Armenian participation of Arak has become one of the main centers of carpet production in the mentioned period. On the other hand, during the First World War, followed by political, economic and logistical destabilization, slowed the development of Iraq. But with the establishment of the Pahlavi government, some of the organizational and administrative centers, such as financial institutions, the Chamber of Commerce, and joint stock companies, were established there and the prosperity of commerce in the aforementioned period increased.

Entering Islamic territories in 616 AH, Mongols, led by Genghis Khan, caused outstanding changes in social and political occasions. Political, social and economic outcomes of this invasion were so highlighted that Islamic era in Iran is divided to two main times, i.e. pre and post Mongol raid eras. Those changes were so effective that diverted many social manifestations and basics of Iranian Islamic society. Of course, not all the changes could be causes by Mongols’ invasion, and Mongols’ raid was one side of the coin. The other side of those changes was made by Iranians themselves, no matter intentionally or by force, to keep their social lives. All those changes, which caused basic movements in Iranian society, could be referred as “Social Reversal” in Iran after Mongol invasion.
Iranian society showed three types of reactions to this social reversal: cooperation, silence and opposition. Those who opposed had two approaches, i.e. Saver-oriented movements and Fatian movements. Saver-oriented movements could be divided to three groups: Factitious Jalal-e-dins, Factitious Mahdies and those who expected Abbasid Kalifah come back again and save them. The three last mentioned saver-oriented movements all believed there will be a saver who will appear and will save all from oppression and outrage and inequity and finally all of them failed to turn into thorough movement due to lack of a coherent framed thought base and school. On the other hand, Fatian movement, which enjoyed a cohesive rulebook and statute and was backed by Iranian elites, could afford more effective successes and became one of the main factors of Ilkhanid internal breakdown and then collapse.